These historical and critical studies look at the concept of Typen, a German word used since the beginning of the xx^th century to characterise the particularity of mass production, the fruit of a reflection on the complementarities between creation and technique. In both French and English, the term has most often been translated as standards, whereas Typen has an entirely different social and industrial significance. Its re-reading is helping to give design research its full legitimacy and autonomy.

This research have been granted by the RnMSH and the Ministry of  Culture (RADAR). It is supported by Misha [ACCRA (UR 3402)], University of Strasbourg, the MSH Paris-Saclay, [Centre de recherche en design, Ens Paris-Saclay, l’Ensad Nancy, l’UR Spacetelling of the Esad- St Etienne. The following are also involved :UR ECCLA, Université Jean Monnet, St Etienne, problemata.org, open science plateform and the ESD Villefontaine.

Direction : Maxime Favart, Catherine Geel et Gwenaëlle Bertrand.